English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

In this paper, we independently designed and built an experimental platform, including a combustion system and a soot particles collection system. Soot generated inside the flame and soot emitted outside the flame were collected during the combustion of kerosene and kerosene mixed with ethanol fuel. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry were used to characterize both soot samples. The results show that the addition of ethanol to kerosene, i.e., the formation of mixed fuel, causes the lag of soot emission. With the increase in ethanol addition, the incipient soot particles were generated inside the flame, and small, unoxidized, and heat-aging soot particles were emitted outside the flame. The oxidation activity of soot particles produced by adding ethanol decreased, which was related to their particle size.

Study on the nano-morphology and chemical characteristics of soot produced by the combustion of kerosene mixed with ethanol