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This paper deals with the load frequency control (LFC) of a three unequal area system with multiple energy sources such as thermal-geothermal, thermal-wind energy system, and thermal-hydro system. An attempt has been made for the first time to utilize cascade integral double derivative and proportional-integral-derivative (IDD-PID) controller for LFC application. A new and powerful evolutionary algorithm called as exchange market algorithm is applied for optimizing the controller gains using an integral square error technique. The investigation is carried out on the dynamic performances of the proposed cascade IDD-PID controller against those of controllers such as PI and PID for a step load perturbation of 1% in area 1. Analysis of results depicts the better response of the proposed cascade IDD-PID controller compared to PI and PID controller responses. In addition, the cascade IDD-PID controller also provides superior dynamic performance even for the application of random load pattern in area 1 which ascertains the robustness of the proposed cascade controllers in containing the area frequency oscillations and tie line power deviations.HighlightsAn unequal three area system with multiple-energy sources is developed for LFC operation.A new cascade IDD-PID controller is introduced for LFC operation.Exchange market algorithm is applied for the first time for tuning the proposed cascade controllers.Cascade IDD-PID controller results in better dynamic performance compared to PI and PID controllers. An unequal three area system with multiple-energy sources is developed for LFC operation. A new cascade IDD-PID controller is introduced for LFC operation. Exchange market algorithm is applied for the first time for tuning the proposed cascade controllers. Cascade IDD-PID controller results in better dynamic performance compared to PI and PID controllers.

Load Frequency Control of a Three-Area System With Multiple-Energy Sources Using Exchange Market Algorithm Optimized Cascade IDD-PID Controllers