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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. The Hepatitis B vaccine plays a significant role in reducing the incidence of HBV worldwide. Approximately 5–10% of vaccinated people do not produce protective antibody levels. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‑κB) mediates inflammatory responses through pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the role of the NF‑κB signaling pathway and its association with pro-inflammatory cytokines in hepatitis B vaccine response is unclear. We aimed to assess changes in the  IL1A, IL6, IL12A, TNF-α , and  NFκB1  expression levels in the non-responder and responder. A total of 32 non-responders and 36 responders were included in the study. The expression level of determined genes was analyzed by RT-PCR. Our results showed that  IL1A, IL6, IL12A , and  NFκB1  mRNA levels significantly increased in the non-responders compared to the responders (p &lt; .01). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between  IL1A, IL6, TNF-α , and  NFκB1  in the non-responder and responders. In conclusion, inflammatory signaling pathways may play an important role in response to HBV vaccine. Therefore, NF‑κB signaling and associated pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels could predict hepatitis B vaccine response. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of hepatitis B vaccine immunity need further investigation.

The predictive role of NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels in hepatitis B vaccine response