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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are semi-volatile anthropogenic contaminants that can damage soil fertility and threaten the environment due to their hazardous effects on various ecological parameters. The experimental objective was divided into two parts because PAHs are always present in mixtures. The toxicity of anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene was examined and investigated the potential of three phytoremediator plants species viz  Tagetes erecta ,  Helianthus annuus , and  Medicago sativa  for remediation and translocation of individual PAH. PAHs were shown to have inhibitory or stimulating effects on growth, antioxidant properties, and impact on the structure of plant cells. The result showed that  M. sativa  significantly enhances the removal rate of PAHs in the soil. The dissipation rate reached 96.2% in  M. sativa  planted soil, followed by  H. annuus  and  T. erecta . Among the plant species,  M. sativa  exhibited the highest root and shoot concentrations (314.37 and 169.55 mg kg −1 ), while the lowest concentration was 187.56 and 76.60 mg kg −1  in  T. erecta . SEM-EDX and fluorescence micrographs confirmed that pyrene altered plant tissue’s ultrastructure and cell viability and was found to be the most toxic and resistant.  M. sativa  was proven to be the most effective plant for the mitigation of PAHs.

international journal of phytoremediation

Comparative analysis of remediation efficiency and ultrastructural translocalization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in  Medicago sativa ,  Helianthus annuus,  and  Tagetes erecta