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Herein, tropical fruit biomass wastes including durian seeds (DS) and rambutan peels (RP) were used as sustainable precursors for preparing activated carbon (DSRPAC) using microwave-induced H 3 PO 4  activation. The textural and physicochemical characteristics of DSRPAC were investigated by N 2  adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, point of zero charge, and scanning electron microscope analyses. These findings reveal that the DSRPAC has a mean pore diameter of 3.79 nm and a specific surface area of 104.2 m 2 /g. DSRPAC was applied as a green adsorbent to extensively investigate the removal of an organic dye (methylene blue, MB) from aqueous solutions. The response surface methodology Box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was used to evaluate the vital adsorption characteristics, which included (A) DSRPAC dosage (0.02–0.12 g/L), (B) pH (4–10), and (C) time (10–70 min). The BBD model specified that the DSRPAC dosage (0.12 g/L), pH (10), and time (40 min) parameters caused the largest removal of MB (82.1%). The adsorption isotherm findings reveal that MB adsorption pursues the Freundlich model, whereas the kinetic data can be well described by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. DSRPAC exhibited good MB adsorption capability (118.5 mg/g). Several mechanisms control MB adsorption by the DSRPAC, including electrostatic forces, π–π stacking, and H-bonding. This work shows that DSRPAC derived from DS and RP could serve as a viable adsorbent for the treatment of industrial effluents containing organic dye.

international journal of phytoremediation

Tropical fruit wastes including durian seeds and rambutan peels as a precursor for producing activated carbon using H 3 PO 4 -assisted microwave method: RSM-BBD optimization and mechanism for methylene blue dye adsorption