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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and earthworms have potential uses in the bioremediation of contaminated soils. In recent years, heavy metal-contaminated sites have been remediated by adding plants and AMF or earthworms to the soil. However, there are few studies on remediation using combinations of plants, animals, and microbes, especially for the remediation of Cu-contaminated soil. The present study investigated the separate and combined effects of AMF and earthworms on Cu-contaminated soil in which  Tagetes patula  L. was grown. The results show that the combined application of AMF and earthworms markedly increased the biomass of plant shoots and roots by more than 100%. It also increased Cu extraction by  T. patula  by 270%. The combined treatment was effective in increasing the CEC, contents of OM, and available Cu, P and K, but reduced the soil pH. Furthermore, the combined treatment significantly increased the abundance and diversity of the soil microbial community. In particular, the abundances of the bacteria Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were increased, with the genera  Flavobacterium ,  Pedobacter ,  Algoriphagus ,  Gaetbulibacter ,  Pseudomonas ,  Luteimonas , and  Arthrobacter  dominating. Meanwhile, the abundance of the fungus Zygomycota was increased, with  Mortierella  dominating. Moreover, inoculation with earthworms greatly improved the structure of the soil microbial community.

Remediation of copper-contaminated soils using Tagetes patula L., earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi