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Search for eco-friendly adsorbents for sustainable dye treatment is on the rise. The present study demonstrated the enhanced removal of malachite green (MG) with alkali-modified shells of water chestnut (AWCN) under optimized physio-chemical parameters. Alkali treatment significantly reduces the lignocellulosic components which in turn increased the water stability. The material was been characterized by pHzpc, FTIR, FESEM-EDAX, and BET surface area analysis. pH-dependent adsorption was noticed and the maximum adsorption capacity was determined as 136.46   mg/g. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics ( R2 =0.99) and Langmuir isotherm model ( R2 =0.99). Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption process is spontaneous (ΔG°= −2.99   kJ/mol), favorable and endothermic (ΔH°=34.72   kJ/mol). Simple regeneration allows multi-cycle use with minimal loss of activity. The mechanism has been proposed to be a combination of electrostatic interaction, H-bonding, and π–π stacking between AWCN and MG. In conclusion, alkali modification of  Trapa natans L.  shells provides excellent removal of MG from water.

Alkali treated water chestnut (Trapa natans L.) shells as a promising phytosorbent for malachite green removal from water