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Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) removal from landfill leachate using mesocosm-scale vertical flow wetlands, the effect of recirculation, and the ability of macrophytes to retain metals were evaluated. Wetlands were filled with coarse sand and light expanded clay aggregates and planted with  Typha domingensis  or  Canna indica . Wetlands were operated using intermittent loading, with and without recirculation. Raw leachate was diluted and spiked with metals to reach the following concentrations: 0.2   mg L −1  Cr , 0.2   mg L −1  Ni, and0.2   mg L −1  Zn and 1.0   mg L −1  Cr, 1.0   mg L −1  Ni, and 1.0   mg L −1  Zn. Wetlands planted with  T. domingensis  presented higher metal removal than those planted with  C. indica . Recirculation enhanced metal removal efficiencies significantly, being for  T. domingensis / C. indica : 60/54, 49/47, 61/47% for Cr, Ni, and Zn at 0.2   mg L −1 , and 80/71, 76/62, 73/59% for Cr, Ni, and Zn at 1.0   mg L −1 , respectively. Metals were efficiently retained by macrophytes. Plant biomass and metal concentrations in roots were significantly higher than in shoots. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis showed that metals were absorbed by internal root tissues. A hybrid wetland planted with  T. domingensis  may be implemented to improve not only metal but also chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen removals.

Cr, Ni, and Zn removal from landfill leachate using vertical flow wetlands planted with Typha domingensis and Canna indica