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One challenge in extracting the scalp-recorded frequency-following response (FFR) is related to its inherently small amplitude, which means that the response cannot be identified with confidence when only a relatively small number of recording sweeps are included in the averaging procedure. This study examined how the non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) algorithm with a source separation constraint could be applied to improve the efficiency of FFR recordings. Conventional FFRs elicited by an English vowel/i/with a rising frequency contour were collected.  Study sample : Fifteen normal-hearing adults and 15 normal-hearing neonates were recruited. The improvements of FFR recordings, defined as the correlation coefficient and root-mean-square differences across a sweep series of amplitude spectrograms before and after the application of the source separation NMF (SSNMF) algorithm, were characterised through an exponential curve fitting model. Statistical analysis of variance indicated that the SSNMF algorithm was able to enhance the FFRs recorded in both groups of participants. Such improvements enabled FFR extractions in a relatively small number of recording sweeps, and opened a new window to better understand how speech sounds are processed in the human brain.

Non-negative matrix factorization improves the efficiency of recording frequency-following responses in normal-hearing adults and neonates