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The mechanization of roundwood harvesting in Sweden has historically cut costs rapidly. However, machinery and work methods have conceptually stayed the same since the introduction of the single-grip harvester. Current trends indicate that the next major wave of development will be based on automation, and that teleoperation is a step in this direction. This study aims to evaluate the economic potential of semi-automated tele-extraction compared to standard forwarding within the Nordic CTL two-machine harvesting system. The initial scenario examined autonomous terrain transportation with teleoperation during loading and unloading. A Discrete Event Simulation was implemented in the AnyLogic software. Input data included 1100 Swedish harvest sites, with in total 1.6 million m 3  and extraction distances from 20 to 1500 m. Scenarios with different numbers of teleoperators for a fleet of ten forwarders were tested. The optimum number of operators was seven per ten forwarders, resulting in a potential extraction cost reduction of 7% compared to standard forwarding. Extraction distances further than 500 m enabled use of five or six teleoperators, resulting in potential cost reductions of up to 15%. The highest potential cost reductions were linked to increased time used for autonomous driving, increasing the teleoperator availability for other machines. The simulation model provides a framework for further evaluation of new scenarios of automation and teleoperation of forwarders.

The economic potential of semi-automated tele-extraction of roundwood in Sweden