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Helicobacter pylori  is a widespread helical Gram-negative bacterium, which causes a variety of stomach disorders, such as peptic ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis, and gastric cancer. This microbe frequently colonizes the mucosal layer of the human stomach and survives in the inhospitable microenvironment, by adapting to this hostile milieu. In this extensive review, we describe conventional antibiotic treatment regimens used against  H. pylori  including, empirical, tailored, and salvage therapies. Then, we present state-of-the-art information about reasons for treatment failure against  H. pylori . Afterward, the latest advances in the use of probiotic bacteria against  H. pylori  infection are discussed. Finally, we propose a polymeric bio-platform to provide efficient delivery of probiotics for  H. pylori  infection. For effective probiotic delivery systems, it is necessary to avoid the early release of probiotics at the acidic stomach pH, to protect them against enzymes and antimicrobials, and precisely target  H. pylori  bacteria which have colonized the antrum area of the stomach (basic pH).

Factors associated with treatment failure, and possible applications of probiotic bacteria in the arsenal against Helicobacter pylori