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The chemical investigation of the EtOAc extract from the solid rice medium cultured with a sponge-associated fungus  Penicillium  sp. SCSIO41033 led to the isolation of two quinolones including a new one, penicinolone ( 1 ), three xanthone derivatives ( 3–5 ), and four anthraquinones ( 6–9 ). Their structures were determined by comprehensive analysis of  1 H and  13 C NMR, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC spectroscopic, and HRESIMS mass spectrometric data. The bioactive assays revealed that compounds  1  and  2  showed no antimicrobial activities against five bacteria and eight fungi, and compounds  5 ,  8  and  9  exhibited inhibition against AChE with IC 50  values of 45.9, 42.5 and 40.5 μg/mL. Molecular docking analysis was performed to explore the interactions between active molecules and AChE protein, which indicated that xanthone and anthraquinone derivatives had the potential for developing AChE inhibitors.

A new quinolone and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from a sponge-associated fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO41033