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Fifteen compounds including one flavanone hesperitin ( 1 ), two cinnamic acid derivatives as ( E )-4-hydroxycinnamic acid ( 2 ) and ( E )-ferulic acid ( 3 ), eight polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) ( 4 - 11 ), and four hydroxylated PMFs ( 12 - 15 ) isolated from orange peel were subjected to antibacterial evaluation. Compounds  1 - 3  exhibited wide-spectrum antibacterial effects against four test strains involving  Bacillus subtilis ,  Staphylococcus aureus ,  Xanthomonas citri  subsp.  citri  ( Xcc ), and Meticillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.0312 to 0.125 mg/mL. In contrast, all PMFs showed weak antibacterial activity against these four strains with MICs being equal to or more than 0.125 mg/mL. Hydroxylated PMFs demonstrated better antibacterial effect against  Xcc  relative to PMFs. In addition, the synergistic effect against  Xcc  was obtained when compounds  1  and  3  were combined. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results of  Xcc  treated with both compounds  2  and  3  showed shrunken and rough surface morphologies, indicative of the cell membrane damage.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of compounds isolated from the peel of Newhall navel orange