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Soft corals distributed across the Red Sea coasts are a rich source of diverse and bioactive natural products. Chemical probing of the Red Sea soft coral  Litophyton arboreum  led to isolation and structural characterization of an undescribed sesquiterpenoid, litoarbolide  A  ( 1 ), along with 14 previously reported metabolites ( 2-15 ). The chemical structures of the isolates were assigned based on NMR as well as high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data. Litoarbolide A is supposed to be the biosynthetic precursor to other sesquiterpenoids, which formed  via  further post-translational modifications. Furthermore, these metabolites were evaluated for anti-malarial activity, where only the acyclic sesquiterpenoid of a  sec -germacrane nucleus ( 7 ) showed an activity against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of  Plasmodium falciparum  with IC 50  at 3.7 and 2.2 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the isolated metabolites were all non-toxic to the Vero cell line. These findings support the consideration of  L. arboreum  in further natural anti-malarial studies.

Litoarbolide A: an undescribed sesquiterpenoid from the Red Sea soft coral Litophyton arboreum with an in vitro anti-malarial activity evaluation