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Diacodexeids are widely considered to be a paraphyletic group consisting of the oldest and most primitive artiodactyls that made their sudden appearance in all northern continents around the Palaeocene–Eocene boundary. In South Asia, the first record of artiodactyls is marked by the appearance of  Gujaratia indica  from the early Ypresian (∼55 Ma) Cambay Shale of the Vastan lignite mine, India, which is slightly younger than the oldest artiodactyls from Europe and North America. Here we describe new dental material of  G. indica , documenting associated upper dentition, including P4, a new locus.  Gujaratia  (including  G. pakistanensis  and  G. indica ) is clearly distinct from all known diacodexeids in having the most triangular upper molars and lower molars with weaker paraconids. Cladistic analysis performed to assess the phylogenetic relationships of  Gujaratia  with other diacodexeids, dichobunoids, raoellids and pakicetids shows that  Gujaratia  is monophyletic while  Diacodexis  and Diacodexeidae are strongly polyphyletic.  Gujaratia  is found to be closer to the North American diacodexeids and  D. gigasei  and  D. morrisi  from Europe, which form a paraphyletic group. The European  Diacodexis  represents an unnatural grouping with  D. antunesi  being most closely related to a clade comprising dichobunids and homacodontids, and  D. gazini  and  D. varleti  occupying basal positions in a clade comprising raoellids and pakicetids. Dichobunidae is also recovered as a polyphyletic group whereas Homacodontidae is paraphyletic. Raoellids and pakicetids, long considered to be endemic to the Indian subcontinent, are monophyletic and without close affinities to  Gujaratia , and appear to be more closely allied to some European dichobunoids, e.g.,  D. gazini , necessitating a reappraisal of current ideas about artiodactyl origins.

Gujaratia indica , the oldest artiodactyl (Mammalia) from South Asia: new dental material and phylogenetic relationships