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The study aimed to determine the association between cord plasma levels of apelin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. This case-control study included 120 preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital between January 2019 and January 2020. The infants were divided into RDS ( n  = 60) and non-RDS groups ( n  = 60). The cord plasma apelin and VEGF levels, perinatal characteristics, and neonatal complications were compared between the two groups. The plasma apelin levels in the RDS group were significantly higher than in the non-RDS group (158.9 ± 24.8 vs. 125.2 ± 18.2 pg/mL, respectively), whereas VEGF levels in the non-RDS group were significantly higher than in the RDS group (187.4 ± 28.5 vs. 245.1 ± 44.8 pg/mL, respectively) (both  p  &lt; .001). Infants with more severe RDS had higher plasma apelin levels and lower plasma VEGF levels. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the prediction of RDS, a cutoff of 148.4 pg/mL for apelin level yielded a sensitivity of 63.3% and a specificity of 95.0%, whereas a cutoff of 214.2 pg/mL for VEGF level showed a sensitivity of 86.7% and a specificity of 75.0%. Apelin levels were negatively correlated with VEGF levels in infants with RDS ( r  = 0.84,  p  &lt; .001). Differences in cord plasma apelin and VEGF levels may aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of RDS in preterm infants.

Plasma apelin and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in preterm infants: relationship to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome