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To evaluate the dynamical interplay between perinatal leptin concentrations and neonatal weight evolution until 3 months of age. In a prospective observational study, maternal, cord blood and neonatal plasma leptin concentrations were correlated to birthweight and 3-month weight in 26 full-term, 20 preterm, and 17 intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) mother–neonate couples. The median of maternal, cord blood, neonatal leptin concentrations were significantly different among the three groups ( p  = 0.010; &lt;0.001; =0.041 correspondingly). In the respect of the full-term group, higher concentrations were reported in preterm and IUGR mothers and lower concentrations in cord blood and neonatal plasma. The post-hoc comparisons showed that maternal concentrations were significantly higher in the IUGR group ( p  = 0.005 vs full-term), cord blood concentrations resulted always significantly lower (preterm, IUGR vs full-term  p  &lt; 0.001) and neonatal concentrations were significantly lower in the preterm group ( p  = 0.018 vs full-term). Neonatal birthweight and 3-month weight were always significantly different among groups ( p  &lt; 0.001), even if preterm and IUGR still had lower weight than full-term, the percent increasing of weight between birth and 3-month demonstrated that preterm and IUGR infants have grown significantly faster, (preterm, IUGR vs full-term  p  &lt; 0.001). The univariable analysis showed a maternal leptin association with offspring’ birthweight ( R  = −38%,  p  = 0.006) and with 3-month weight ( R  = −43%,  p  = 0.002). Accounting for confounders, these associations lost significance. Cord blood leptin concentrations positively correlated with birthweight and with 3-month weight (both,  p  &lt; 0.001). The latter correlation, when adjusting for birthweight became negative ( R  = −43%  p  &lt; 0.001). Our results showed that maternal leptin levels lost their influence on neonatal weight when considering confounders. At 3-month, once birthweight adjusted, the percent increasing of weight was statistically larger in preterm and IUGR than the full-term group and the correlation between cord blood leptin and weight turned negative, from positive at birth. These data may be a clue for further investigation on the relationship between perinatal leptin concentrations and catch-up growth.

The dynamical interplay of perinatal leptin with birthweight and 3-month weight, in full-term, preterm, IUGR mother–infant dyads