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Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are an emerging dual-use technology that will affect international security in ways similar to other dual-use technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons, and cyber tools and tactics. In this paper, I use open sources and network analyses to reveal the structure of the BCI research and development industry, which indicates that BCIs will soon be operational, and the technology will diffuse across many sectors and regions. As a result, I argue that the unique qualities of BCIs will provide incentives to engage in conflict and disrupt international security; therefore, militaries in liberal democracies should strive to achieve and maintain BCI technological superiority over authoritarian regimes and violent non-state actors.

The military and commercial development of brain–computer interfaces: international (in)security with brain-machine teaming