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In recent years, zolpidem has been the subject of numerous reports of misuse, abuse and dependence. In view of these risks, the French drug agency decreed the implementation of secure prescription pads in April, 2017. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of this regulatory change on the patterns of zolpidem use. We included patients with at least one reimbursement for zolpidem before and/or after the regulatory change using a sample of the French health insurance database. For each period, we identified profiles of users using a latent class analysis (LCA). In total, 15,550 zolpidem users were identified before the measure and 8,301 after the measure. We identified the same three profiles of zolpidem users before and after the measure: non-problematic users (the most prevalent), users whose drug prescriptions suggest psychiatric disorder and potential problematic users. The profile of potential problematic users was similar after the regulatory change but represented a lower absolute number of patients. In conclusion, the regulatory change had a positive impact on the patterns of zolpidem use, but the impact should be reevaluated, because withdrawal can take a long time, especially in long-term users. The study was registered at  www.clinicaltrials.gov  under the reference number NCT03584542.

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Did the pattern of use of zolpidem change since the enforcement of a new prescription rule? A latent class analysis using the French health insurance database