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While patterns of non-state political violence in the Global South have for two decades been associated with the chronic and acute impacts of ecological-environmental stress, violent and hateful extremist actors in Northern states are less often recognised for exploiting political responses to climate change. This article argues that relationships of reciprocity and interdependence between disparate violent actors in the Global North and South pertain in part to their geographical divides, reflected in developmental histories and contemporary responses to climate change. To develop this argument, the article first extends a multidisciplinary literature review of critical perspectives on intergovernmental responses to the ‘environment-security-development’ nexus. Through a case study analysis, it then emphasises the structural, economic and environmental challenges associated with non-government organisational programming for violence prevention, accounting for ecological-environmental risks. It lastly presents an empirical research base on contemporary trends in political violence within Global North and South contexts pertaining to violent actors’ reception of histories of development and the natural environment.

Capturing the environment, security, and development nexus: intergovernmental and NGO programming during the climate crisis