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Determining who was an insomniac at the fin de siècle was more complex than detailing how many hours of sleep were lost. The label was a conduit through which gender, racial, and class-based biases were ratified and produced. This article proposes there are three primary discursive elements to insomnia: the medical, the mass-cultural, and the emblematic. The first two worked together to define the label of “insomniac,” an archetype informed by and reinforcing socio-cultural biases and anxieties. The final discourse functioned as an allegorical index of civilization, contributing to the construction of a popular and “exceptionalist” American national identity.

Civilized into sleeplessness: a transatlantic study of insomnia at the fin de siècle