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In this work, ammonia intercalated zinc hydroxide chloride hydrate (ZHC-NH 3 ), Zn 5 (OH) 8 Cl 2 .4[(H 2 O) x (NH 3 ) 1-x )] was synthesised using precursor, [ZnCl 2 .2{HONC(CH 3 ) 2 }] by sol-gel method in presence of ammonia and characterised by FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and XRD analysis. On sintering at 500°C, ZHC-NH 3  transformed to ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as confirmed by the XRD patterns. ZHC-NH 3  has nanoplates-like morphology with a positive surface charge (+28.8 mV) while synthesised ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have spherical morphologies with negative surface charge (−8.28 mV). Band gap of 2.7 eV was observed in ZHC-NH 3  while in ZnO NPs it was obtained as 3.3 eV. A comparison has been done on the photocatalytic activities of ZHC-NH 3  and ZnO NPs towards the degradation of methylene blue (cationic dye) and methyl orange (anionic dye) under sunlight and it was found that photo-degradation of anionic dye, methyl orange is superior (96.28%) in presence of ZHC-NH 3  photocatalyst as compared to ZnO photocatalyst (55.42%). The adsorption capacities of ZHC-NH 3  towards Pb 2+ , Cd 2+,  and Cr 3+  heavy metal ions were found 47.00 mg. g −1 , 20.40 mg. g −1,  and 48.85 mg. g −1  whereas ZnO-NPs have adsorptions capacities of 46.97 mg. g −1 , 43.07 mg. g −1 , 29.21 mg. g −1 , for Pb 2+ , Cd 2+,  and Cr 3+  heavy metal ions, respectively.

materials research innovations

Synthesis and characterisation of ammonia intercalated zinc hydroxide chloride hydrate: a potential photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation under sunlight