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Objective:  The aim of this study was to establish the utility of the NIH Toolbox as a cognitive screener of executive functions in the clinical context. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether age and time on transfusion were related to executive function performance.  Method:  Twenty-eight children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia (SCA) between 8 and 18 years ( M  = 13.28,  SD  = 3.05) on transfusion treatment were included. Participants completed five NIH Toolbox tasks (three executive function tasks and two non-executive function control tasks).  Results:  Mean scores on one of the three executive function measures (inhibitory control) fell below the average range ( M  = 81.36,  SD  = 14.01) with approximately 70% of children from both groups below the average range. Scores for processing speed ( M  = 86.82,  SD  = 22.01) and cognitive flexibility ( M  = 85.75,  SD  = 12.67) were low averages. As expected, scores on non-executive measures (language and memory) fell within the average range. No significant differences were observed between children with silent stroke and no stroke on executive function measures. Older age ( p  &lt; .01) and length of time on transfusion ( p  &lt; .05) predicted lower inhibitory control scores.  Conclusions:  Findings provide evidence for poor development of inhibitory control with age in this patient population. As the NIH Toolbox successfully highlighted expected deficits in this patient population, this study supports the use of this tool as a brief screening measure for children with SCD. The clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

Executive function in children with sickle cell anemia on transfusion: NIH toolbox utility in the clinical context