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The modelling of soot formation is investigated for two turbulent flames, at atmospheric and 3 atm pressure conditions. For the first time, a semi-empirical soot formulation that accounts for soot inception, coagulation, surface growth, and oxidation processes is coupled with the turbulent combustion model, Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) using Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Detailed chemistry is included and an optically thin radiation model is considered. Non-adiabatic chemistry tabulations are created. Good agreement with the experiments is found for turbulent mixing and temperature fields in both flames, with some discrepancies believed to be due to the turbulence modelling approach. At 1 atm, the soot volume fractions are in reasonable agreement with the experiments, but typically smaller than the measurements with the centerline peak locating closer to the fuel exit. At 3 atm, good agreement between the numerical predictions and experimental data is achieved for the soot volume fraction within the experimental error. The centerline peak location is observed slightly farther downstream. Possible sources of discrepancies are examined and comparison with previously published numerical results is also undertaken. Differential diffusion and modified soot chemistry constants may bring further improvement. Without any particular tuning of soot chemistry, soot modelling within CSE is shown to be a promising approach.

Investigation of conditional source-term estimation coupled with a semi-empirical model for soot predictions in two turbulent flames