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This paper investigates the total life-cycle cost of designed structures with different increasing seismic response coefficient from the aspects of the structural and social life-cycle damage costs combined with environmental impacts. The environmental impacts are converted to the equivalent costs as much as possible, to be integrated with other social and economic factors. The proposed framework is applied to reinforced concrete frames of 4, 8, and 12 stories. The results indicate that the importance of the environmental aspects regarding the significant contribution to the total life-cycle costs is even more than that of the social aspect.

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Seismic Designed RC Frames Including Environmental and Social Costs