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Reduced 1/20 and 1/40 models of the Baalbek columns were subjected to harmonic excitations of varying amplitudes and periods to investigate rocking and overturning. 2D UDEC numerical simulations and a simple critical impulse theoretical model showed good agreement with the experimental results. The similitude established between models and full-size columns can be used to predict the response of full-sized columns to earthquakes through experimental simulation and numerical modeling. The observed mode of overturning and number of blocks overturned could be used to estimate the period and peak acceleration of the critical impulses contained in earthquake signals.

Experimental, Numerical, and Theoretical Investigation of the Rocking Response of Baalbek Columns under Harmonic Excitations