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To identify modifiable, social factors that moderate the relationship between early-life stress (ELS) and health outcomes as measured by depressive symptoms and inflammation. Data were from 3,416 adults (58.28% female), ages 36 - 97 (M age  = 68.41; SD age  = 10.24) who participated in the 2006 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative sample of older adults in the United States. This study used hierarchical regression analyses to first test the main effects of ELS on depressive symptoms and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). Four social factors (perceived support, frequency of social contact, network size, and volunteer activity) were assessed as moderators of the ELS-depression and ELS-inflammation relationships. There was a small, positive association between ELS and depressive symptoms ( B  = 0.17,  SE  = 0.05,  p  = .002), which was moderated by social contact and perceived support. Specifically, ELS was only associated with elevated depressive symptoms for participants with limited social contact ( B  = 0.24,  SE  = 0.07,  p  &lt; .001) and low perceived support ( B  = 0.24,  SE  = 0.07,  p  &lt; .001). These associations remained after accounting for potential confounds (age, body-mass index, adulthood stress, and marital status). Increased social contact and perceived support may be protective for individuals at a higher risk of developing depressive symptoms as a result of ELS. Future interventions may benefit from leveraging these social factors to improve quality of life in adults with ELS.

Early-life stress, depressive symptoms, and inflammation: the role of social factors