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From 1910 to 1967, various indigenous interpreters were used by the Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (Indigenous Protection Service, SPI) to mediate the contact between Brazilian government officials and indigenous groups within a contact zone where contrasting cultures met and interacted in asymmetrical power relations. The SPI aimed to ‘pacify’ natives and integrate them into Brazilian society, and communicating in their own indigenous languages was one of the main strategies employed in the process. In this article we use archival material to examine the way in which Vanuíre, an elderly indigenous female interpreter, became empowered to play a major role in the ‘pacification’ of the Kaingang natives in the west of the state of São Paulo in 1912. We also describe the role of Emiliano, an interpreter who was used in the expeditions of the SPI anthropologist Darcy Ribeiro to collect information on the Ka’apor groups located on the border of the states of Pará and Maranhão in 1949 and 1951. The analysis underlines the partial nature of available sources and, in the case of Emiliano, demonstrates how unaware and neglectful both the SPI and Darcy Ribeiro were of the value of training for interpreters.

The interpreters of the Brazilian Indigenous Protection Service – SPI (1910-1967): a study of power and (un)awareness