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This study established a research model to fully understand the relationship of social engagement, loneliness and cognitive function among Chinese older adults. In the latest wave (2018) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a total of 12,852 participants aged 65 years and older were included in the study. Path analysis was performed to examine our hypotheses. The social engagement had a positive relationship with normal cognitive function while loneliness had a negative one, and the standardized regression weights were 0.618 ( p  &lt; 0.01) and −0.046 ( p  &lt; 0.01), respectively. Watching TV or listening to the radio had the greatest association with cognitive function, followed by housework, outdoor activities, reading newspapers or books, playing cards or mahjong, and raising domestic animals or pets. Loneliness played a mediating role between social engagement and cognitive function. Social engagement could be considered as one of the interventions to improve older adults’ health.

Path analysis of social engagement, loneliness and cognitive function among Chinese older adults