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This study investigates gender gaps in access to land ownership and land inheritance in Albanian rural areas by combining a large-scale survey and five in-depth focus groups discussions. The article considers three sets of variables: place-based characteristics; family characteristics; and individual characteristics. Results find that rural societies lack awareness around legal property rights, undermine the confidence of women in myriad ways, and continue to rely on customary laws. Current inequalities are placed in the context of Albania's entrenched patriarchal system. Culture and tradition are as important as, if not more important than, legal frameworks surrounding land ownership and inheritance. The findings bring intersectionality issues into high relief: where patriarchy is combined with poverty, gender inequality is exacerbated. Findings call for a more holistic approach that combines efforts to improve legal literacy, raise awareness among all genders, and alleviate poverty for boosting women's inclusion in the economy. HIGHLIGHTSIn Albania, patriarchal customary laws disfavor women when it comes to property ownership, inheritance, and decision making.Women in rural societies, in particular, rely on custom and have low awareness of their legal property rights.Women who are more informed about formal laws view themselves as more equal to men.Where patriarchy is combined with poverty, gender inequality is exacerbated.Education and legal literacy are key to overcoming entrenched patriarchy and fostering women’s empowerment. In Albania, patriarchal customary laws disfavor women when it comes to property ownership, inheritance, and decision making. Women in rural societies, in particular, rely on custom and have low awareness of their legal property rights. Women who are more informed about formal laws view themselves as more equal to men. Where patriarchy is combined with poverty, gender inequality is exacerbated. Education and legal literacy are key to overcoming entrenched patriarchy and fostering women’s empowerment.

Unlanded Class: Albania's Gender Gaps in Land Ownership and Inheritance