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Oral mucositis (OM) is among the most common, damaging side effects of head and neck radiation therapy and may interfere with patients’ ability to comply with optimal treatment. The increasing unmet clinical need, recent clinical trial successes, and the commercial potential have catalyzed interest in the development of effective intervention for OM. A range of small molecules are under development – some still in the preclinical stage, but others close to NDA submission. This review will focus on those drugs which have recently been assessed in a clinical trial and those which are still under clinical study as a prevention or treatment for radiation-associated OM. In response to the unmet clinical need, both the biotechnology and pharmacological industries have been actively pursuing an agent to prevent/treat radiation-associated OM. This effort has been catalyzed by the identification of multiple drug targets which contribute to OM’s pathogenesis. The lessons learned from the many trials which have previously stumbled have led to standardization of clinical trial design, endpoint efficacy definitions, rater assessment, and data interpretation over the past decade. Consequently, results of recently completed clinical trials provide optimism that effective treatment options should be available in the not-too-distant future.

Radiotherapy-induced severe oral mucositis: pharmacotherapies in recent and current clinical trials