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This paper makes two main contributions to Safavid-Kizilbash studies. First, it subjects millenarianism of the Safavid-Kizilbash movement, which has been commonly accepted but only briefly mentioned thus far, to analytical scrutiny by using concepts from the millenarian literature. Second, by critically engaging the neo-institutionalist literature, it develops and applies an ecosystemic institutionalist framework that takes ideas seriously to account for the rise and demise of this Sufistic millenarianism. The post-Timurid period constituted a critical juncture conducive to millenarian movements in the Western Asian ecosystem. Facilitated by this favourable climate, Safavid-Kizilbash millenarianism rose on an innovative articulation of ʿAlid Sufism in the Perso-Islamic ideational tradition and tribal corporatism in the Turco-Mongol political tradition. However, the institutional requirements of state building coupled with ecosystemic pressures led the Safavids to drop Sufistic millenarianism in favour of a shariʿa-centric Twelver Shiʿism, leaving the Anatolian Kizilbash as an inward-looking, defensive community under Ottoman rule.

The rise and demise of Safavid-Kizilbash millenarianism in Western Asia: an ecosystemic institutionalist explanation