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In the past few decades, the tourism and hospitality sector has not only witnessed significant growth but also contributed tremendously to economic progress with lease inputs. This fastest-growing sector creates a number of environmental challenges, especially in emerging markets where the carbon footprint of tourism constitutes a large share of CO 2  emissions. This study explores the effect of international tourism, renewable energy consumption (REN), and eco-friendly technology on CO 2  emissions in emerging markets. The AMG, Driscoll-Kraay and Prais-Winsten regression confirm the adverse effects of international tourism on the environment, whereas technological innovation and REN mitigate CO 2  emissions. Furthermore, economic growth and population increase CO 2  emissions, while foreign direct investment (FDI) reduces CO 2  emissions. Although the direct effect of technological innovation is insignificant, the indirect impact is negative and statistically significant; confirming the moderating effect of eco-friendly technology on the relationship between international tourism and CO 2  emissions. The MMQR results suggest that REN reduces CO 2  emissions across all quantiles. On the other hand, technological innovation significantly reduces CO 2  emissions in lower and median quantiles, whereas international tourism and economic growth reduce CO 2  emissions across all quantiles. Various directions of causality were reported alongside relevant policy directions.

Striving towards carbon neutrality in emerging markets: the combined influence of international tourism and eco-friendly technology