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This study examines the non-linear relationship between product proximity, as captured by the Economic Complexity Outlook Index, and various dimensions of energy security: acceptability, develop-ability, and sustainability. By applying diverse econometric techniques to a global sample of 20 developing countries and 30 developed countries over the period 2002–2018, our estimates reveal three critical findings. First, we confirm the existence of a nonlinear association between product proximity and non-fossil energy consumption, energy intensity, and energy consumption in the form of an inverted U-shaped curve, suggesting that efforts to produce a good which is located in the core of the product space (higher product proximity) endanger the energy security of countries positioned in the early phase of the economic complexity evolution. Nevertheless, product proximity turns out to be beneficial for the energy system when it reaches a sufficiently high level. Second, our findings add empirical evidence of the ‘technical obsolescence’ effect where a high level of product proximity causes higher non-fossil or non-renewable energy consumption and, hence, greater carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in the long run. Third, increased product proximity has serious consequences for energy security in developing economies, while the beneficial impact of product proximity on the energy system from mitigating energy intensity, negating CO 2  emissions, and increasing renewable energy consumption is found in their developed counterparts. This research provides a fresh perspective for policymakers to address national energy security based on the types of products being produced.

Is product proximity a driver for better energy security? Global evidence of nonlinear relationships between product proximity and energy security