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We investigated the flower-bearing properties of four sympatric oak species in the subgenus  Quercus  commonly grown in semi-natural forests in western Honshu Island, Japan.  Quercus variabilis  and  Quercus acutissima  belong to the section  Cerris  and  Quercus serrata  and  Quercus aliena  belong to the section  Quercus . The timing and pattern of flower-bearing varied among the four oaks, but were synchronized between the male and female inflorescences within each species. Trunk size was the primary factor affecting the flower-bearing properties; more flowers were borne on thicker trunks. Threshold trunk sizes for flower-bearing, below which no flowers were borne, were identified in the two  Cerris  section oak species; in contrast, the two  Quercus  section oak species bore flowers even on the smallest trunks. The smallest flower-bearing trunk sizes of the  Quercus  section oaks were extremely small compared with the other tall tree species distributed in the temperate zone of Honshu Island. The flowering probability was not clearly influenced by whether the stem originated from a seedling or a sprout, except for the male inflorescences of  Q. aliena , which rather showed a positive relationship between sprout-origin and flower-bearing. Thus, no trade-off relationship between sprouting and flowering was observed.

Dependence of flower-bearing on trunk size and trunk origin in four tree species of the subgenus Quercus