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To examine the tree regeneration and forest structure under sika deer pressure, we established a 1.08 ha plot, including a 0.0176 ha fenced area, and measured DBH (diameter at breast height) and/or height of trees in 2005–2006 and 2015–2016 in a mixed forest in the Ohmine Mountains, Central Japan. Small trees (&lt;10 cm in DBH) were few or none for most species, but for  Pieris japonica . Densities of sapling trees (50 cm ≤ height &lt; 130 cm) were not significantly different between fenced and non-fenced areas in 2005, and were significantly different in 2015. Owing to the treefalls of large trees by wind disturbances, the total basal area decreased by 1.6% from 53.3 m 2 /ha in 2005 to 52.5 m 2 /ha in 2015. In the non-fenced area, the annual mortality of the other trees (11.7%/year) than  P. japonica  was significantly greater than that of  P. japonica  (5.7%/year). The annual recruitment densities of saplings showed a great difference between fenced (1,670.5 stems/ha/year) and non-fenced areas (56.5 stems/ha/year). Although the light condition was improved by wind disturbance, sapling tree survival and growth, except for non-preferred  P. japonica , had been inhibited through effects of sika deer pressure, resulting in the decrease in the saplings of preferred tree species and an increase in the saplings of non-preferred  P. japonica  at this study site.

Forest regeneration inhibition in a mixed broadleaf-conifer forest under sika deer pressure