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Xanthoceras sorbifolium  is one of the most economically important species cultivated in northern China. To analyze the phenotypic variation within  X. sorbifolium , 35 phenotypic traits among 37 elite germplasms were analyzed using nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation (CVs), principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. Large variation and rich phenotypic diversity were found among and within germplasms of  X. sorbifolium . The mean of coefficient of variation for 35 traits among 37 germplasms was 25.49%. It varied from 12.80% to 63.25%, and ranked as follows: branch traits (45.51%) &gt; inflorescence traits (31.01%) &gt; fruit traits (24.67%) &gt; flower traits (24.35%) &gt; seed traits (21.82%) &gt; leaf traits (21.45%). The mean heritability (H 2 ) of 35 phenotypic traits was 75.94%. Significant correlations were observed within and among most branch, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed traits. The cumulative contribution rate of the first nine main principle components reached 80.333%. The 35 phenotypic traits were classified into two main categories and five subcategories by clustering analysis of phenotypic traits. Combined result of correlation, PCA, and clustering of phenotypic traits, 18 representative traits were selected. The 37 elite germplasms were classified into two main groups and six subgroups according to their characteristics by Ward’s method and reasonable utilization of each subgroup were suggested. These results provide useful information for genetic improvement, preservation, and evaluation of  X. sorbifolium  germplasms.

Genetic diversity analysis of phenotypic traits among 37 Xanthoceras sorbifolium elite germplasms