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The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of environmental stressors on male reproductive biomarkers in sentinel species of bivalves inhabiting Annaba estuaries, considered to be reservoirs receiving industrial, agricultural, and domestic discharges. Male  Mytilus galloprovincialis  were collected in four seasons from a non-polluted site (S1) and two other locations receiving untreated sewage (S2) and a mixture of contaminants (S3). Testicular sperm concentration, motility, velocity, the amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), the beat cross frequency (BCF), spermatozoan DNA fragmentation, and histological profiles were evaluated. Individuals from S2 and S3 have diminished sperm concentration, motility, velocity, ALH and BCF, along with a significantly increased spermatozoan DNA fragmentation that was much higher in S3. Testicular tissues demonstrated histo-pathological alterations in mussels subjected to anthropogenic activities during the four seasons. In conclusion, reproductive biomarkers of male mussels were both spatially and temporally variable, which is probably correlated to pollution types and the changing seasonal stressors.

The effects of environmental stressors on gonad biomarkers of a sentinel marine bivalve, Mytilus galloprovincialis