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Hispidin is an important styrylpyrone produced by  Sanghuangporus sanghuang . To analyze hispidin biosynthesis in  S. sanghuang , the transcriptomes of hispidin-producing and non-producing  S. sanghuang  were determined by Illumina sequencing. Five PKSs were identified using genome annotation. Comparative analysis with the reference transcriptome showed that two PKSs ( ShPKS3  and  ShPKS4 ) had low expression levels in four types of media. The gene expression pattern of only  ShPKS1  was consistent with the yield variation of hispidin. The combined analyses of gene expression with qPCR and hispidin detection by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with ion-trap and time-of-flight technologies (LCMS-IT-TOF) showed that  ShPKS1  was involved in hispidin biosynthesis in  S. sanghuang. ShPKS1  is a partially reducing  PKS  gene with extra AMP and ACP domains before the KS domain. The domain architecture of ShPKS1 was AMP-ACP-KS-AT-DH-KR-ACP-ACP. Phylogenetic analysis shows that ShPKS1 and other PKS genes from Hymenochaetaceae form a unique monophyletic clade closely related to the clade containing Agaricales hispidin synthase. Taken together, our data indicate that ShPKS1 is a novel PKS of  S. sanghuang  involved in hispidin biosynthesis.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Putative Polyketide Synthase Gene Involved in Hispidin Biosynthesis in Sanghuangporus sanghuang