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The present study is comprised of a hydrometallurgical process investigated for the recovery of critical metals viz. nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) from spent Ni-Cd batteries with a focus on solvent extraction of Cd-ions. The leaching performed at 5 (w/v)% pulp density using 2.0 M H 2 SO 4  with 7 (v/v)% H 2 O 2  for 6 h duration at 90°C yielded the maximum leaching efficiency of &gt;91% Ni and &gt;99% Cd along with a significant quantity of Fe (&gt;87%). Iron was subjected to hydrolytic precipitation to its complete removal (below 10 ppm in the solution) from the leach liquor at a pH of ~3.5. After that, the Ni-Cd-containing solution was contacted with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) to study the extraction behavior as a function of extractant concentration, equilibrium pH, and organic-to-aqueous (O:A) phase ratio. At an equilibrium pH of 3.3, a significant quantity of Ni (&gt;18%) was co-extracted with ~73% Cd by contacting 20 (v/v)% D2EHPA, which was completely scrubbed by contacting 15 g/L CdSO 4  solution at an O:A ratio of 2. The scrubbed organic containing 14.4 g/L Cd was then recovered by stripping with 1.5 M H 2 SO 4  solution at an O:A ratio of 1, yielding &gt;99% Cd into the aqueous phase. Further, Ni was recovered from the raffinate by adding soda ash at Na 2 CO 3 :Ni 2+  ratio = 2.5, temperature = 50°C, and time = 1 h, which was analyzed to be NiCO 3 .2Ni(OH) 2  with purity &gt;99.9%. The experimental results showed the potential of hydrometallurgical tools for the recovery of critical metals from spent Ni-Cd batteries.

Hydrometallurgical recycling of critical metals from spent Ni-Cd batteries with emphasis on the separation of Cd 2+ over Ni 2+ using D2EHPA