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This study aimed to determine the effects of landscape differences associated with intensive agricultural activities on farmland use by medium and large mammals in Japan. We compared the species diversity of mammals that used farmland within three regions with different agricultural activity levels, and analyzed the relationship between the occurrences and escape responses of mammals in the farmland and surrounding landscape. We used spotlight count in intensive (high agricultural activity), intermediate (moderate agricultural activity), and non-intensive (low agricultural activity) areas. We observed 271 and 199 occurrences of mammals in spring and autumn 2021, respectively. Seasonal changes in mammals occurrence were due to a decrease in the number of raccoon dogs observed. Species richness tended to be lower in intensive agricultural areas than in other areas, suggesting that intensive agricultural landscapes negatively affect the community structure of medium and large mammals. Generalized additive models showed that the effects of the surrounding landscape on the occurrences and escape responses of raccoon dogs, red foxes, and cats differed among species. Only raccoon dogs were negatively affected by the surrounding farmland, suggesting high sensitivity to agricultural activities. Our results have important implications for the management of ecosystems in Japanese agricultural areas.

Effects of intensive agricultural landscapes on farmland use by medium and large mammals in Japan