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The study of the effects of national linkages with foreign powers on trajectories of democratization has long represented an avenue of scholarly research. With the rise of China on the international stage, the spread of undemocratic norms, values and standards of behavior possibly associated with its increasing ties with many states around the world has specifically emerged as an area of concern. For Canada, a country having incorporated democracy-promotion into its foreign policy strategy, assessing the magnitude of such risk is a necessary step towards eventual policy adjustments aimed at countering autocratic influences abroad. In this article, we investigate the extent to which economic, political and security linkages with China contribute to the prevalence of media self-censorship, a behavior which has been associated with democratic backsliding in transitional regimes. We find a positive, significant and robust positive correlation between these variables. Strategic behavior by the China, actions by leaders of transitional regimes seeking to consolidate their rule, and the passive diffusion of norms, values and standards of behavior are proposed as likely mechanisms for the observed link. Our results suggest the significant power of economic, political and security linkages in affecting trajectories of democratization in countries around the world.

Foreign contributors to democratic backsliding: the effects of linkages with China on media self-censorship in transitional regimes