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Particulate matter (PM) is a major primary pollutant emitted during wildland fires that has the potential to pose significant health risks to individuals/communities who live and work in areas impacted by smoke events. Limiting exposure is the principle measure available to mitigate health impacts of smoke and therefore the accurate determination of ambient PM concentrations during wildland fire events is critical to protecting public health. However, monitoring air pollutants in smoke impacted environments has proven challenging in that measurement interferences or sampling conditions can result in both positive and negative artifacts. The EPA has performed research on methods for the measurement of PM 2.5  in a series of laboratory-based studies including evaluation in smoke. This manuscript will summarize the results of the laboratory-based evaluation of federal equivalent method (FEM) monitors for PM 2.5  with particular attention being given to the Teledyne-API Model T640 PM Mass monitor, as compared to the filter-based federal reference method (FRM). The T640 is an optical-based PM monitor and has been gaining wide use by state and local agencies in monitoring for PM 2.5  U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) attainment. At present, the T640 (includes both T640 and T640×) comprises ~44% of the PM 2.5  FEM monitors in U.S. regulatory monitoring networks. In addition, the T640 has increasingly been employed for the higher time resolution comparison/evaluation of low-cost PM sensors including during smoke impacted events. Results from controlled non-smoke laboratory studies using generated ammonium sulfate aerosols demonstrated a generally negative T640 measurement artifact that was significantly related to the PM 2.5  concentration and particle size distribution. Results from biomass burning chamber studies demonstrated positive and negative artifacts significantly associated with PM 2.5  concentration and optical wavelength-dependent absorption properties of the smoke aerosol. Implications : The results detailed in this paper will provide state and local air monitoring agencies with the tools and knowledge to address PM 2.5  measurement challenges in areas frequently impacted by wildland fire smoke. The observed large positive and negative artifacts in the T640 PM mass determination have the potential to result in false exceedances of the PM 2.5  NAAQS or in the disqualification of monitoring data through an exceptional event designation. In addition, the observed artifacts in smoke impacted air will have a detrimental effect on providing reliable public information when wildfires occur and also in identifying reference measurements for small sensor evaluation studies. Other PM 2.5  FEMs such as the BAM-1022 perform better in smoke and are comparable to the filter-based FRM. Care must be taken in choosing high time resolution FEM monitors that will be operated at smoke impacted sites. Accurate methods, such as the FRM and BAM-1022 will reduce the burden of developing and reviewing exceptional event request packages, data loss/disqualification, and provide states with tools to adequately evaluate public exposure risks and provide accurate public health messaging during wildfire/smoke events.

journal of the air and waste management association

Summary of PM 2.5  measurement artifacts associated with the Teledyne T640 PM Mass Monitor under controlled chamber experimental conditions using polydisperse ammonium sulfate aerosols and biomass smoke