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The food-grade adsorbents of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (10 8  CFU/mL),  Bifidobacterium longum  (10 8  CFU/mL) and chitosan (1%w/v) alone or in combination were used for biosorption of cadmium (Cd) from aqueous solution. Among the tested adsorbents, combination of  B. longum  and chitosan had the highest efficiency. Therefore, biosorption process with  B. longum /chitosan as the most efficient biosorbent was optimized by variables of pH (3–6), temperature (4–37 °C), contact time (5–180 min) and Cd concentrations (0.01–5 mg/L) using RSM. Twenty-seven tests were carried out and the data fitted to the second-order polynomial models. Results revealed that 99.11% of Cd was reduced within 180 min at concentration of 2.5 mg/L, pH 6 and temperature of 20.5 °C that were considered as the optimal conditions for Cd removal. The trend of isotherm was more fitted to the Langmuir model and maximum biosorption capacity was obtained about 3.61 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order fitted the biosorption kinetics for Cd ions. The  B. longum /chitosan biosorbent exhibited the high affinity to Cd ion in the presence of coexisting metal ions. It could remove 81.18% of Cd from simulated gastrointestinal tract. Thus,  B. longum /chitosan can have good potential as an effective adsorbent for Cd biosorption from aqueous solutions and human body.

journal of environmental science and health, part a

Biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solution by combination of microorganisms and chitosan: response surface methodology for optimization of removal conditions