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There is a wealth of studies examining trauma, protective factors, and outcomes in college students. There are questions, however, about how certain protective factors relate to certain types of maltreatment, and how these relationships impact college adjustment. There is also a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether the number of traumatic events experienced is a sufficient measure of trauma history or if the cumulative severity of traumatic experiences must be measured. This study aimed to address these gaps in the literature by examining relationships between trauma history, protective factors, and college adjustment. Results indicated that both the number of traumatic events endorsed by participants and the cumulative severity ratings they gave traumatic events predicted almost the exact same amount of college adjustment. It was also found that maltreatment no longer had a significant relationship with college adjustment when controlling for protective factors. How much more variance cumulative protective factors predicted than cumulative traumas reinforced the emphasis that this paper, and the field, have put on protective factors. The results indicated that individual protective factors were the strongest predictors of college adjustment across all types of maltreatment. Self-Esteem, Coping, and Optimism emerged as strong predictors of college adjustment.

The Impact of Maltreatment History and the Presence of Individual, Familial, and Communal Protective Factors on College Adjustment