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Background : Medical marijuana legalization (MML) has been widely implemented in the past decade. However, the debates regarding the consequences of MML persist, especially criminal behaviors.  Objectives : We examined the association between MML and criminal behaviors among adults in the United States. The criminal behaviors measured three past-year offenses: whether the adult (1) have sold illegal drugs, (2) have stolen anything worth &gt; $50 USD, or (3) have attacked someone.  Methods : Using the 2015–2020 National Survey of Drug Use and Health, we included 214,505 adults in our primary analysis for 2015–2019 and 27,170 adults in 2020 for supplemental analysis (age &gt; = 18). Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between MML and three criminal behaviors.  Results : In our primary analysis, we observed no statistically significant association between MML and the three outcomes of criminal behavior. Nevertheless, our supplemental analysis of the 2020 data showed MML was associated with increasing odds of the three criminal behaviors (have sold illegal drugs: AOR [adjusted odds ratio] = 1.7; have stolen anything worth &gt; $50 USD: AOR = 1.9; have attacked someone: AOR = 1.8; all  p  &lt; 0.05).  Conclusion:  Surveys from 2015 to 2019 did not suggest MML as a risk factor for higher incidence of criminal behaviors. However, 2020 data showed statistically significant association between MML and selected criminal behaviors. Issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the U.S. economic downturn, could potentially explain this discrepancy. Further research efforts may be warranted.

Examining the Association between Medical Marijuana Legalization and Criminal Behaviors: Evidence from a U.S. Representative Sample