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Fungal xylanase was produced from lignocellulosic palm wastes through combined solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF) by  Aspergillus tubingensis  TSIP9 in a helical-impeller equipped bioreactor. The combined SSF–SmF promoted the xylanase production by 15 and 70% higher than SSF and SmF, respectively. Sequential purification yielded 7.4-fold purified xylanase with 9.07% recovery. The maximum activities of crude and purified xylanase were observed at the same pH of 5.0 and the same temperature of 50 °C while purified xylanase is more active and highly stable at a wider pH range of 3–8 and temperature of 30−60 °C. The half-life of purified xylanase at various temperatures was also much improved by 2−8 folds compared to crude xylanase. Michaelis–Menten constants,  Vmax  and  Km , for purified xylanase are 2,602.8 U/mg and 32.4 mg/mL, respectively. Purified xylanase activity was most enhanced with Ca 2+  followed by Zn 2+  and Fe 2+  at 10 mM while significantly inhibited by Co 2+ , Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Ag + . This study has shown the effectiveness of combined SSF–SmF for xylanase production and superior properties of purified xylanase for industrial processes.

preparative biochemistry and biotechnology

Purification and characterization of a highly-stable fungal xylanase from  Aspergillus tubingensis  cultivated on palm wastes through combined solid-state and submerged fermentation