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The aims of this study were to i) assess the relationship between COVID-19 cases with PM 10  concentration and ii) investigation premature deaths due to cardiovascular (M-CVD) and respiratory (M-RD) diseases in three classification levels (PM 10 &lt;50µg m −3  in normal days, 50–200 µg m −3  in dusty days, and &gt;200 µg m −3  in MED storm), by using daily averages of PM 10  concentrations. The number of M-CVD and M-RD were estimated by concentration-response model, per 10 5  people during 2017 to 2021. The results showed that 187, 183, 163, 215, and 206 days were observed with the PM 10  concentrations lower than 50 µg m −3  during 2017 to 2021, and 178, 180, 200, 150, and 149 days were subtotal with exceeding PM 10  from the WHO guideline (50 µg m −3 ), respectively. A positive correlation (r 2 =0.33, p &lt; 0.05) was found to be between the number of COVID-19 cases and PM 10  mean concentrations (r = 0.589, p = 0.046). Our findings showed that the highest M-CVD and M-RD were among exposed people at dusty days (50 &lt; PM 10 ≤ 200 μg m −3 ) in 2019. The total M-CVD and M-RD from 2017 to 2021 were 11.78 and 12.2, 18.25 and 17.4, 22.29 and 23.78, 10.33 and 7.6, 10.37 and 9.95 per 10 5  people, respectively which 31.48% of health effects were related to PM 10  concentrations more than 200 μg m −3 .

Risk assessment of exposure to the Middle Eastern dust storms in Iran