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Uttar Pradesh (UP), one of the most populous state of India is facing the highest mortality rate due to ambient air exposure. In this study, the Relative Risk (RR) and Excess Risk (ER) due to six criteria air pollutants namely PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO 2 , O 3 , and CO have been estimated for 11 non-attainment cities (NAC) of this State. Results indicated that the estimated total ER was 2.62 times higher when calculated using WHO 2021 Air Quality standards (AQS) and compared with estimates using India’s CPCB 2009 AQS. Ghaziabad faces the highest ERs for both PM 10  (6.20%) and PM 2.5  (3.9%) as per WHO 2021 AQS. ER due to NO 2  was observed highest for Kanpur. The ERs obtained for CO, SO 2 , and O 3  were found negative mainly because the estimated pollutant concentration was observed less than AQS and therefore possess no health risks. The study concludes that the present AQS of India’s CPCB for air pollutants PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and NO 2  are underestimating the excess health risks and need to be revised urgently for better action plans in saving lives.

Assessment of health risks for criteria air pollutants present in 11 non-attainment cities of Uttar Pradesh, India