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Recently, transition metal carbide or nitride (MXene)-based nanomaterials have been broadly investigated as new photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO 2  into valuable energy-rich fuels due to their unique properties such as rich surface chemistries, flexible morphologies, bandgap structures, considerable electrical conductivities, thermal stabilities, and significant specific surface areas. Nevertheless, only a few reviews have been reported on the application of MXenes or MXene-based nanomaterials as advanced photocatalysts and/or electrocatalysts for CO 2  reduction, which do not cover new findings and the current development in the application of MXene-based nanomaterials for CO 2  reduction. Accordingly, herein, we present a comprehensive review of current findings on the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2  by various MXene-based nanomaterials. Particularly, this review focuses on the (i) photocatalytic reduction of CO 2  by functionalized Ti 3 C 2 , TiO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 , g-C 3 N 4 /Ti 3 C 2 , and other/Ti 3 C 2  catalysts, (ii) electrocatalytic CO 2  reduction; (iii) CO 2  reduction associated with photothermal catalysis and hydrogenation, and (iv) stability of MXene-based photoelectrocatalysts. Additionally, we have briefly explored the challenges in the large-scale fabrication of MXene-based nanomaterials and proposed the future research prospects of MXene-based nanomaterials.

Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 by MXene-based nanomaterials: A review